One of the major goals of this course is to give an overview of potential impact of the non coding part of the genome during the cell life. This covers not only regulatory non-coding RNAs, but also unknown ncRNAs such as those emerging from repetitive sequences, both playing a crucial role in the expression and maintenance of the genomes.The course will describe the biogenesis pathways of different ncRNAs, as well as the mechanisms of gene regulation and genome defence implicating these RNAs. It will cover recent achievements in ncRNA detection, emerging findings of novel ncRNA species in the context of development, cellular differentiation and human diseases.